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Related post: end-labeled DNA, were employed to map five early RNAs and one late Cheap Suprax RNA. One
of the early RNAs hybridized to sequences within the ITR, and Cost Of Suprax the other four
hybridized to sequences proximal to the ITR. The late RNA was Suprax Price initiated
proximal to the ITR but extended into it. Interestingly, the 3' portion of
this late RNA was complementary to the early RNA transcribed from the opposite
strand of the ITR. From a comparison of the lengths of the protected DNA
fragments on neutral and alkaline gels, all except the complementary early and
late RNAs appeared to be colinear with the genome. Although the anomalous
nuclease SI data obtained with the latter RNAs mimicked splicing, they were
shown by DNA-DNA hybridization to result from a small deletion or
rearrangement within the ITR. Thus far, no true Purchase Suprax examples
of spliced vaccinia virus RNAs have been found.
C. Mapping of the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase gene by marker rescue .
A selective plaque assay that uses thymidine kinase (TK) -deficient human
143 cells was developed to titer mixtures of TK and TK vaccinia virus. With
this assay, it Suprax Cost could be shown that methotrexate-resistant TK virus was formed
in cells coinfected with TK virus and wild-type virus DNA. By substituting
vaccinia DNA fragments cloned in plasmids for virion DNA, this marker rescue
system provided the basis for mapping the TK gene. Of the 15 Hindlll
fragments, only J could rescue five independently derived TK mutants. This
5,000-base pair (bp) fragment maps approximately 80,000 bp from the left-end
of the 180,000 bp vaccinia genome. Marker rescue could be detected with 18 ng
or less of plasmid and was proportionate to DNA concentration. The resistance
to methotrexate of the TK recombinants was shown to be due to TK synthesis.
Evidence that the Hindlll J fragment contains the structural TK gene and not a
regulatory element Purchase Suprax Online was demonstrated by the synthesis of active TK in a
cell-free system programmed with mRNA selected by hybridization to the
plasmid. Our previous studies Order Suprax Online indicated that mRNAs coding for three immediate
early polypeptides with molecular weights of 41,000, 21,000, and 17,000 map
within Hind lll J. The mapping of the easily selectable vaccinia virus TK gene
now opens the way to genetic manipulations that should increase our
17-9
understanding of vaccinia virus gene expression and facilitate the use of
vaccinia virus as an efficient cloning vector for foreign genes.
Vaccinia Virus: An Infectious Suprax 200 Selectable Eukaryotic Cloning Vector
A. Inactivation of the thymidine kinase (TK) gene by site directed
recombination in vivo .
The thymidine kinase gene was interrupted by ligating an EcoR Suprax Online I fragment
of adenovirus DNA to the EcoR I cleaved Hindlll J fragment of vaccinia virus
cloned in pBR322. This recombinant was then used to transfect cells that had
been infected with wild-type vaccinia virus. TK recombinants were selected
by plaquing in the presence of BudR. Restriction endonuclease analysis and
blot hybridization Buy Suprax 400mg confirmed that in vivo recombination had occurred.
B. Expression of the herpes virus thymidine kinase gene fused to
a vaccinia virus promoter .
A 250 base pair Suprax Coupons DNA fragment that includes the initiation and putative
promoter sequences of an early vaccinia virus gene was fused to the body of
the herpes virus TK gene. The hybrid DNA was then flanked by vaccinia virus
DNA and then used to transfect cells that had been infected with TK vaccinia
virus. TK recombinants were selected by plaque assay in medium containing
thymidine and methotrexate. Restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA
hybridization identified herpes virus sequences in the recombinant virus.
Additional studies demonstrated that the herpesvirus thymidine kinase was
expressed.
Functional Analysis of Vaccinia Virus DNA
The production and ordering of unique segments of vaccinia virus DNA
provides physical maps of the genome. The isolation of mutants of vaccinia
virus can be used to develop a functional map of this genome. Mutants which
are resistant to the drug aphidicolin, a known inhibitor of eukaryotic DNA
polymerase a and of the DNA polymerase of herpes and vaccinia virus, can
locate the region of the DNA polymerase gene. To develop an understanding of
the effects of the drug, tests were made on the uptake of tritiated thymidine
into virus infected and mock infected HeLa cells. The results indicate that
the drug can be used to suppress cell synthesis at a concentration of 5 yM, so
that the radioactivity incorporated into an infected cell reflects mostly
viral DNA synthesis. The radioactivity from infected cells incubated with
drug at 5 pM hybridizes almost excusively to vaccinia DNA, whereas control DNA
from drug treated cells hybridizes only slightly to vaccinia DNA. This
differential drug sensitivity provides a test for virus mutants which exhibit
changed rates of DNA synthesis. A desirable experimental feature of this drug
is that its effects on DNA synthesis are readily reversible.
Compared with controls, there is no reduction Suprax 400 in the infectious titer of
virus in the presence of drug at 20 pM. At 80 pM, the apparent titer is
reduced by several logs. Estimates of the reduction in titer are complicated
17-10
by the rapid decrease in plaque size which occurs over the range of 20 to 100
]M. Spontaneous mutants which form plaques of normal size are not found after
a one step growth cycle in the presence Cefixime Suprax of the drug. A preliminary test with
a virus stock which had been mutagenized with hydroxy Suprax 100 Mg lamine produced normal
plaques when grown at 80 yM drug concentration, after a single cycle of
growth. Repeated passage of virus stocks at increasing drug concentrations
should amplify the population of spontaneous drug resistant Suprax Coupon virus.
Honors and Awards
Dr. Norman P. Salzman continued to serve on the Editorial Board of the
Journal of Virology, The Editorial Advisory Board, Biochemistry, the
Scientific Board of the Coordinating Council for Career Research, and the
NIAID Promotion and Tenure Committee. He serves as Professorial Lecturer,
Georgetown Suprax 200 Mg University School of Medicine and was Chairman of the Papovavirus
Workshop at the first meeting of the American Society for Virology. He
co-authored two book chapters, one with Roger Monier entitled "History and
Overview of Oncogenic DNA Viruses" for inclusion in "Viruses Associated with
Human Cancer" edited by Dr. Leo A. Phillips, published by Marcel Dekker and
one with Michael Seidman entitled " In vivo Replication of SV40 DNA", for
inclusion in "Molecular Events in the Replication of Viral and Cellular
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